Biometric systems use unique physical or behavioral traits like fingerprints or facial recognition to identify individuals. They consist of four main modules: sensor, feature extractor, matcher, and decision. Centralized systems raise higher privacy concerns. Despite their security, they can be bypassed, especially if users are unaware of cyber threats. Threats include limited revocation of biometric data, biased models, and deep fake attacks. Combining biometrics with multi-factor authentication (MFA) is recommended for better security. Privacy and regulatory risks are significant, particularly with centralized data storage. Biometrics should be part of a layered defense strategy, not relied upon solely.
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